(Part 1)
(Part 2)
(Part 3)
(Part 4)
78. 1654 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Little Russia (Beylorus)
This was in the context of a war between Russia and Poland, as they were associated with the Polish nobility. Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alexander Mikaberidze, the Cossacks also attacked Poles and Catholics - in particular Roman Catholic clergy.
79. 1656 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lithuania
I can't find anything on this alleged expulsion. The Jewish population of Vilnius did decrease after its occupation by Muscovite forces, but then the whole city's population fell.
80. 1669 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oran (North Africa)
This is listed as North Africa, but Oran was under the Spanish, who had already expelled them. But in any event, Jonathan Israel finds that it "had relatively little to do with the traditional role of the Jews in the Spanish North African strongholds or the long-standing friction between Spanish Christianity and the Jews" but rather " the Shabbatian frenzy in the Sephardi world of 1665-66, the temporarily heightened tension between the three great faiths of the Mediterranean following the resumption of the Ottoman offensive against Venetian Crete in 1667, and the precarious grip on power in Spain of the Austrian Jesuit, Father Nithard, who was then inquisitor-general and chief minister".
81. 1669 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vienna
Animosity against the Jews was due to a non-Jewish woman being found drowned and the crown prince dying at 3 months, as well as the Queen's anti-Semitism. The city was also under pressure from the Ottomans. This was only a partial expulsion, of poorer Jews, with the rest expelled the following year. But they were allowed back in in 1675.
82. 1670 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vienna
Coming just 1 year after the previous entry and being attributed to the same city, this is the most blatant example of double-counting in this list.
83. 1712 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sandomir
This town is also known as Sandomierz. This was instigated by the blood libel, where a Christian woman threw the dead body of her illegitimate child into the yard of a Jew. Nonetheless, though they were ordered to leave, they probably did not and in 1764 there were already/still Jews there.
84. 1727 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russia
According to The Jewish Minority In The Soviet Union by Thomas E Sawyer, this was linked to backlash to the Judaizing heresy and fears of Jewish influence.
85. 1738 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wurtemburg
This was linked to the execution of Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, who was executed for political reasons, and they were expelled in 1739 but soon allowed to return.
86. 1740 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Little Russia (Beylorus)
I can't find any information on this, and it does not seem to have happened.
87. 1744 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Prague, Bohemia
This was a 1745 expulsion due to anti-Semitism on the part of Maria Theresa, who called them a "plague". There were also rumours that they had sided with the Prussians, and there was pressure from Prague's burghers. A contemporary, Nathaniel William Wraxall, said that she "nourishes many narrow and illiberal prejudices" and "firmly believed every heretic excluded from the divine mercy"; she also deported Protestants. The expulsion was cancelled and 4 years later they could return. Indeed, in the 1760s she started protecting Jews.
88. 1744 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slovakia
This is double counting, as Slovakia was ruled by Maria Theresa at the time.
89. 1744 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Livonia
I am unable to find any information about this. Livonia was under the Russians at the time.
90. 1745 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moravia
This is double counting, as Moravia was ruled by Maria Theresa at the time.
91. 1753 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kovad (Lithuania)
I was unable to find any trace of this expulsion. The Jews seemed to live happily in Lithuania at this time. Kovad doesn't even appear to be a real place in Lithuania.
92. 1761 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bordeaux
The Jews were supposed to be expelled in 1760, but this was just a reaffirmation of the 1394 expulsion. And this was never carried out.
93. 1772 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Deported to the Pale of Settlement (Poland/Russia)
This was not a deportation, but an area Jews were allowed to live in. And in practice there were many exceptions for Jews living outside the Pale.
94. 1775 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Warsaw
There was persecution in 1775, but no expulsion. There was supposed to be an expulsion in 1784 but that didn't happen.
95. 1789 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Alsace
There was no expulsion. In fact, they were given more rights (emancipated) in 1791.
96. 1804 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Villages in Russia
According to Pinkus's The Jews of the Soviet Union : the history of a national minority, the Minister of Justice Derzhavin saw them as greedy "parasites" and said they hated Christianity, and exploited others, but his views were balanced by liberals. While Jews were expelled from some villages, this was only part of Russia, and they could live in the Pale of Settlement (which was extended). Notably, Tsar Alexander I also issued a “Jewish Statute”, affirming Jewish rights, so it was not just persecution. The expulsion was started in 1807 but was suspended. In 1824 there was expulsion from a 50 verst wide strip (53km) on the Western frontier.
97. 1808 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Villages & Countrysides (Russia)
This is double counting.
98. 1815 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lübeck & Bremen
According to The Cambridge History of Judaism, they were expelled from these places in 1816. I can't find any information on the reasons for Lübeck's expulsion and I can find even less about Bremen's expulsion. Yet, there seems to have been de facto Jewish presence in Bremen through this period.
99. 1815 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Franconia, Swabia & Bavaria
I am unable to find any information on any of these expulsions. Certain nothing seems to have happened in Bavaria around this time.
100. 1820 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bremen
I can't find anything on this. And anyway, it would be double counting.
101. 1843 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russian Border Austria & Prussia
This is double counting (I only found one source on this, but anyway see 1827 above).
102. 1862 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Areas in the U.S. under General Grant's Jurisdiction[1]
This was during the American civil war in response to military corruption. It was also countermanded by Abraham Lincoln less than a month later.
103. 1866 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Galatz, Romania
According to Carol Iancu's texts Jews in Romania, 1866-1919 : from exclusion to emancipation, there was some persecution and local expulsions in Romania. They were seen as foreigners and vagrants. Minister Ion Bratianu called them "a social plague". This was partly motivated by religious discrimination, economic resentment and xenophobia (the Jews were seen as foreign and didn't assimilate)
104. 1880s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Russia
This might be referring to the 1886 expulsion in Kiev, but anyway this is double counting.
105. 1891 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moscow
This is double counting. And anyway it was at least partly due to anti-Semitism: Tsar Alexander III approved of the persecution with the words "But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood".
106. 1919 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bavaria (foreign born Jews)
I can't find anything on this at all. There was a short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic around this time, but I can't find any expulsions.
107. 1938-45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nazi Controlled Areas
This is the famous one everyone knows about. And we know it was motivated by anti-Semitism, economic resentment and political factors around World War II.
108. 1948 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Arab Countries
This was due to political factors (war with Israel) and anti-Semitism. But this was not pure expulsion - many also moved to Israel (or other countries) due to pull factors.
Note that even the original list doesn't have 109 "countries" - only 108.
So after reviewing all of these examples, we can see that they mostly fall into the following categories:
- "Expulsions" that don't seem to have happened and which are included to inflate the count (31)
- Announced but not implemented/partly implemented expulsions (10)
- Double counting (or more) of the same "country" (including a slippage of terminology of city and country) (20)
- motivation by Christian anti-Semitism and/or conspiracy theories (including dodgy accusations) (18)
-
religious motivation in the sense that in many cases, conversion to
Christianity saved them from expulsion; the fact that conversion to
Christianity was an option in many expulsions suggests that animus
against the Jewish religion - rather than the Jews being inherently bad
people (as the accusations go) was a key motivator (4 where conversion
was an option)
- motivation by the desire to seize the Jews' wealth (7)
- "Eat the rich" sentiment (3)
- political reasons like wars (7)
These cover 100 of the 108 examples.
In addition, many of the expulsions were short lived. And the fact that Islamic areas are almost unrepresented in this long list suggests that Jewish expulsion was more due to cultural context than Jewish iniquity (as the accusations go).
In short, Jews have not been expelled from 109 countries, and their being expelled from some locations is not proof of Jewish iniquity.
