Sunday, November 06, 2022

Jews and the 109 Countries they have supposedly been expelled from (Part 4)

(Part 1)

(Part 2)

(Part 3)

60. 1551 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bavaria
Albrecht V used Jews as targets for popular discontent caused by The Reformation and the Hussite revolution in Bohemia. Expelling them also let him erase his debts, and he seized their assets. There were also rumours of the Host being desecrated. In any event, Bavaria was under the Holy Roman Empire so this can be chalked up to double counting (with Prague, 1542).

61. 1555 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pesaro
This looks like an error - in 1555 there was persecution (but apparently not expulsion) in Ancona, Italy, about 80km southwest of Pesaro. The Jews were welcomed in Pesaro after their expulsion from the Papal States in 1569.

62. 1557 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Prague
They were expelled from Prague in 1542 already (see previous post) so this is double counting.

63. 1559 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Austria
I can't find anything about this. There was an expulsion in Nordhausen, in modern day Germany, in this year, incited by Martin Luther's Von den Juden und Ihren Luegen. There were also expulsions "from Electoral Saxony (1537), the duchies of Hanover, Brunswick, and Lüneburg  (1553 and 1557), and from Zwickau (1543), Schweinfurt (1555), Nordhausen (1559) [and] Ansbach (1561)". So we can group them together with Prague in 1542 under the Holy Roman Empire due to the proximity in time.

64. 1561 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Prague
They had been expelled from Prague in 1542 and 1557 already, so this is triple counting.

65. 1567 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wurzburg
According to State and Society in Early Modern Austria, in 1570 there was an accusation of Jewish ritual murder in Würzburg, so it doesn't look like they were expelled in 1567.

66. 1569 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Papal States
Pius V justified his expulsion of the Jews with religious reasons, usury and suspect accusations of crime and witchcraft. Jews were also exempt if they converted, and if they were in slums.

67. 1571 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brandenburg
Apparently this actually happened in 1573, "in a wave of intolerance that accompanied the transition there from Catholicism to Lutheranism" since " Landowners and courtiers indebted to Jewish financiers often found such expulsions convenient".

68. 1582 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Netherlands
I can't find anything on this at all. Indeed, apparently the Netherlands was welcoming Jewish refugees from Belgium at this time, having declared independence the year before. I can't find any information on expulsions from the Spanish Netherlands (i.e. present day Belgium) at this time but at any rate, that would be counted under Spain. Notably, the Netherlands had quite a bit of tolerance for Jews until World War II.

69. 1582 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hungary
This appears to be referring to a 1582 decree in Presburg (modern Bratislava) that "that no one should harbor Jews, or even transact business with them". Yet, this was not an expulsion.

70. 1593 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brandenburg, Austria
I can't find anything on this. Another source says the expulsion in this year was in Brunswick, but I can't find anything on that either. The Austrian municipality is spelled Brandenberg, too.

71. 1597 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cremona, Pavia & Lodi
This is in modern Italy and happened because in 1582, a Jew was killed by a Christian, who was put to death, which enraged the Christians, who then demanded that Jews be banished. Also, "two Jewish families were left in Cremona, Lodi, and Alessandria".

72. 1614 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Frankfort
This is an older English spelling of Frankfurt. They fled after being attacked by a mob and then were "expelled" by the leader of the mob, Vincenz Fettmilch. The attack was motivated by anti-elitist sentiment, high taxes, corruption, resentment at the Jews influencing the government and their being rich (and lending money). The Reformation also contributed, and the people were also angered by Martin Luther's On the Jews and their Lies (whose influence on anti-Jewish sentiment is obvious).

73. 1615 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Worms
This was motivated by unhappiness over interest rates, a perception that Jews were favored over Christians, anger at the city council over corruption, maladministration and favoritism and of course some religious sentiments.

74. 1619 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kiev
This was not enforced.

75. 1648 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ukraine
This was during an uprising led by Bogdan Khmel'nyts'kyi against the Polish regime. The Jews were tax collectors and had ties to the Poles and many were killed by the Cossacks, so it wasn't an expulsion per se. Plus, Polish noblemen and Catholic priests were also killed.

76. 1648 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Poland
As you might be able to tell, this is double counting of the Bogdan Khmelnytsky episode.

77. 1649 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hamburg
I can't find much information about this, but they were allowed back in 1657/8 and there was religious motivation, with the pastor Johannes Müller who "asserted that toleration of the Jews contributed to the decay of Lutheranism in Hamburg" and "complained of the noisy and extravagant religious ceremonies of the Jews; he also maintained that Jews defiled the Christian Sabbath, insulted Christian women and possessed generally poor morals".

(Part 5)

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